Mathématiques — Seconde

Fonctions — Premières notions — Seconde Maths

Définition d'une fonction, tableau de valeurs, courbe représentative et lecture graphique.

Par ProfBot

Fonctions — Premières notions — Seconde Mathématiques

🎯 Objectif : Comprendre ce qu'est une fonction et lire une courbe représentative.


1. Définition

Une fonction f associe à chaque valeur x de son domaine une unique valeur f(x).


y = f(x)    x → variable (entrée)    f(x) → image (sortie)

Domaine Df : valeurs de x pour lesquelles f(x) est défini.


2. Fonctions de référence

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120.0 L 249.5 121.4 L 250.2 123.1 L 251.0 125.0 L 251.8 127.3 L 252.5 130.0 L 253.2 133.3 L 254.0 137.5 L 254.8 142.9 L 255.5 150.0 L 256.2 160.0 L 257.0 175.0" stroke="#dc2626" stroke-width="2" fill="none"/> <path d="M 263.0 25.0 L 263.8 40.0 L 264.5 50.0 L 265.2 57.1 L 266.0 62.5 L 266.8 66.7 L 267.5 70.0 L 268.2 72.7 L 269.0 75.0 L 269.8 76.9 L 270.5 78.6 L 271.2 80.0 L 272.0 81.2 L 272.8 82.4 L 273.5 83.3 L 274.2 84.2 L 275.0 85.0 L 275.8 85.7 L 276.5 86.4 L 277.2 87.0 L 278.0 87.5 L 278.8 88.0 L 279.5 88.5 L 280.2 88.9 L 281.0 89.3 L 281.8 89.7 L 282.5 90.0 L 283.2 90.3 L 284.0 90.6 L 284.8 90.9 L 285.5 91.2 L 286.2 91.4 L 287.0 91.7 L 287.8 91.9 L 288.5 92.1 L 289.2 92.3 L 290.0 92.5 L 290.8 92.7 L 291.5 92.9 L 292.2 93.0 L 293.0 93.2 L 293.8 93.3 L 294.5 93.5 L 295.2 93.6 L 296.0 93.8 L 296.8 93.9 L 297.5 94.0 L 298.2 94.1 L 299.0 94.2 L 299.8 94.3 L 300.5 94.4 L 301.2 94.5 L 302.0 94.6 L 302.8 94.7 L 303.5 94.8 L 304.2 94.9 L 305.0 95.0 L 305.8 95.1 L 306.5 95.2 L 307.2 95.2 L 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FonctionFormuleDomaine
Affinef(x) = ax + bℝ
Carréf(x) = x²ℝ
Inversef(x) = 1/xℝ\{0}
Racinef(x) = √x[0 ; +∞[
Valeur absoluef(x) =xℝ

3. Image et antécédent

Exemple : f(x) = x²


4. Sens de variation

Croissante sur I : a < b ⟹ f(a) < f(b) → courbe qui monte

Décroissante sur I : a < b ⟹ f(a) > f(b) → courbe qui descend

Variations des fonctions de référence :

FonctionCroissanteDécroissante
x²[0 ; +∞[]−∞ ; 0]
x³ℝ—
1/x—]−∞;0[ et ]0;+∞[
√x[0 ; +∞[—

5. Fonction composée


(f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))    ← appliquer g d'abord, puis f

Exemple : f(x) = x² et g(x) = x+1


(f∘g)(x) = (x+1)²    (g∘f)(x) = x²+1

⚠️ En général, f∘g ≠ g∘f


6. Lire un graphique


📝 Exercices

  1. f(x) = x²−3x+2. Calculer f(0), f(1), f(3). Antécédents de 2 ?
  2. g(x) = √(x+4). Domaine ? g(0), g(5) ?
  3. f(x)=2x+1, g(x)=x². Calculer (f∘g)(3) et (g∘f)(−1).
  4. Donner les variations de f(x)=−x².
  5. Pour quelles valeurs x²≤x+2 ?

✅ À retenir


f(a) = image de a    antécédent : f(x) = b
Domaine : dénominateur≠0, racine≥0
Paire : f(−x)=f(x)  →  symétrie par rapport à Oy
Croissante : x↑ alors f(x)↑
(f∘g)(x) = f(g(x)) — appliquer g d'abord

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